Complex functions of the extremities such as reaching and grasping, locomotion, and autonomic functions such as bladder expression and respiration are encoded within the spinal cord, requiring minimal input from the brain. Strategies to sensitize the interneuronal circuitry within the spinal cord through epidural electrical stimulation and pharmacological agonist therapy are subjects of my research. These interventions can enhance previously limited function at the setting of injury. Currently, we are conducting studies in animals that decipher the cellular components and mechanistic basis of neuromodulation-based recovery to improve methods of neuromodulation. We validate these findings in humans through clinical trials.